![]() ![]() Heart rate and intracardiac pressure of sheep approximate the normal values measured in humans. The cardiovascular system consists of 2 circulations, the systemic and pulmonary, joined in series by the heart. A detailed review of cardiovascular anatomy and physiology is beyond the scope of this overview, but clinically relevant aspects are discussed briefly. Relevant Cardiovascular Anatomy and PhysiologyĪnatomic and physiologic similarities between sheep and humans make sheep an accepted animal model for cardiovascular research. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of relevant literature and share our experience from studies conducted in our AAALAC-accredited, NIH-assured institution to provide a concise source for researchers and veterinarians who are developing cardiovascular surgical protocols in sheep and to minimize adverse events during their implementation. Because neither a thorough review of sheep anatomy and physiology nor an adequate discussion of all the layers of anesthetic management during these complex procedures existed in the literature, our procedures were developed through a review of published literature, extrapolation from humans, clinical experience, and continued refinements as outcomes were evaluated. ![]() 42Īfter IACUC approval, our institution undertook investigations of several novel cardiac devices and interventions in sheep, thus requiring the development of a conditioning and management protocol for animals before, during, and after major cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The unique physiology of sheep coupled with the complexity of cardiovascular surgical research results in significant morbidity and mortality in this animal model. 30, 42, 62 Despite the widespread use of sheep in the research setting, there are no comprehensive reviews of the relevant anatomy and surgical approaches, animal preparation, anesthetic protocols and monitoring, and postoperative care. 6 Sheep ( Ovis aries) have emerged as a widely used model for cardiovascular surgical device testing, especially that involving cardiac valves. The field of cardiac surgery is perhaps the most apparent beneficiary of animal research. The recent focus on rapidly translating findings in the laboratory to clinical applications has resulted in a shift to large animal models that closely correlate with human anatomy and physiology.
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